Technologies:

Electric motor: It provides the mechanical conversion of energy, which transmits speed to the axle through the transmission and drives the vehicle. It is most common to find a single electric motor per axle, but there are models that have two per axle and up to a total of four. They can be housed in the axle itself or inside the wheel.

Battery box: This is the structure where the batteries are housed, and its purpose is to protect the cells and the rest of the components that make it up. It has features that help with thermal management, the protection of the battery from the hostile environment under the car, and in case of an accident.

Energy storage system: Housed inside the battery box, it consists of a pack of connected batteries. The cells can be cylindrical, prismatic or laminated (pouch). The most widespread technology at present is lithium-ion, although other technologies such as solid-state batteries are being investigated.

Battery Management System (BMS): This component is responsible for advanced battery control and management. In addition to controlling charging and discharging, it is essential for durability, safety and efficiency.

Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS): It is responsible for adjusting the temperature (cooling or heating) during the electrochemical processes occurring in the cells, allowing the battery to operate safely and efficiently.

Current inverter and controller: The former allows changing the direct current (DC) of the battery into alternating current (AC) to be used by the electric motor. In addition, it also has the function of changing the alternating current when regenerative braking occurs into direct current and is then used to recharge the battery. The controller regulates the electric power coming from the batteries and inverters to be distributed to the electric motors, and vice versa.

Regenerative braking: allows recovery of part of the energy from braking and deceleration, which would normally be lost as heat. In this way, the engine functions as a generator, producing electricity while reducing the vehicle’s speed and recharging the battery in the process.

Brake by wire: This is an electronic, decoupled braking system that monitors braking through sensors. A series of electric actuators controlled by the pedal allow the callipers to be activated without any mechanical connection. It allows for greater braking precision, better integration of technologies -such as regenerative braking- and also saves weight.